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The proportion of CD4− CD8+ MAIT cells in individuals with latent Mtb infection was, however, increased. We found no change in the expression of HLA-DR, PD-1, and CCR6, as well as the production of IFNγ by MAIT and iNKT cells, among subjects with latent Mtb infection or uninfected controls. We found that the frequency of both cell types was increased in subjects with latent Mtb infection compared with uninfected individuals or subjects with active infection. In this confirmatory study, we investigated the frequency, phenotype, and IFNγ production of MAIT and iNKT cells in subjects with latent or active Mtb infection. Contradicting results regarding the frequency of MAIT cells in latent Mtb infection have been reported. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T cells that can recognize Mtb-infected cells. HIV-1 infection is associated with an increased incidence of active tuberculosis, even in virally suppressed individuals. Despite intensive research efforts, it is not well understood why some individuals control Mtb infection and some others develop active disease.

Increasing drug resistance and the lack of an effective vaccine are the main factors contributing to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) being a major cause of death globally.